Revista Científica ‘‘INGENIAR”: Ingeniería, Tecnología e Investigación. Vol. 9 Núm. (17) 2026. ISSN: 2737-6249  
Evaluation of the Introduction of BESS in the Operation of Ecuador National Interconnected System as a  
Strategy to Address the Energy Crisis.  
DOI: https://doi.org/10.46296/ig.v9i17.0327  
EVALUACIÓN DE LA INTRODUCCIÓN DE BESS EN LA OPERACIÓN DEL  
SISTEMA INTERCONECTADO NACIONAL DEL ECUADOR COMO  
ESTRATEGIA PARA ENFRENTAR LA CRISIS ENERGÉTICA  
EVALUATION OF THE INTRODUCTION OF BESS IN THE OPERATION OF  
ECUADOR NATIONAL INTERCONNECTED SYSTEM AS A STRATEGY TO  
ADDRESS THE ENERGY CRISIS  
1
2
Carrera-Villagomez Dennis ; Quinatoa Carlos  
1
2
Ingeniería Eléctrica, Universidad Técnica de Cotopaxi. Latacunga, Ecuador.  
Correo: dennis.carrera0217@utc.edu.ec.  
Ingeniería Eléctrica, Universidad Técnica de Cotopaxi. Latacunga, Ecuador.  
Correo: carlos.quinatoa7864@utc.edu.ec.  
Resumen  
En este estudio se examina la aplicación de un sistema BESS para la estabilidad de sistemas  
eléctricos en situaciones de emergencia, como la disminución de la producción o la interrupción  
de cargas industriales. El estudio se basa en el creciente uso de fuentes de energía renovables,  
cuya imprevisibilidad amenaza la estabilidad del sistema. El objetivo principal es comparar el  
rendimiento de la red eléctrica en escenarios de falla catastrófica con y sin asistencia de BESS.  
El método se basa en el uso del software Power Factory para modelar y simular un sistema  
eléctrico de nueve nodos. La pérdida de una planta de gas y la interrupción de una carga  
industrial, tanto con como sin BESS, son los cuatro escenarios de contingencia examinados. Los  
hallazgos indican que, en la situación 1, la frecuencia disminuye a 59,43 Hz, mientras que en la  
situación 2, con BESS, se mantiene en 59,85 Hz. En la situación 3, la frecuencia aumenta a 60,6  
Hz, mientras que en la situación 4 se mantiene estable en 60,12 Hz. Esta información demuestra  
que BESS aumenta la estabilidad de la frecuencia y reduce las oscilaciones del sistema, lo que  
prueba su eficacia como recurso de apoyo ante contingencias.  
Palabras clave: BESS, Almacenamiento de energía, Contingencias eléctricas, Red eléctrica,  
Estabilidad de frecuencia.  
Abstract  
The application of a BESS system in the stability of electrical systems in emergency  
circumstances, such as decreased output or interruption of industrial loads, is examined in this  
study. The study's foundation is the growing use of renewable energy sources, whose  
unpredictability threatens the system's stability. Comparing the electrical grid's performance in  
catastrophic fault scenarios with and without BESS assistance is the primary goal. The method is  
based on utilizing the Power Factory software to model and simulate a nine-node electrical  
system. The loss of a gas plant and the interruption of an industrial load, both with and without  
BESS, are the four contingency scenarios that are examined. The findings indicate that, in  
situation 1, the frequency decreases to 59.43 Hz, whereas in situation 2, with BESS, it remains  
at 59.85 Hz. In situation 3, the frequency increases to 60.6 Hz, while in situation 4 it remains  
stable at 60.12 Hz. This information demonstrates that BESS increases frequency stability and  
reduces system oscillations, proving its effectiveness as a contingency support resource.  
Keywords: BESS, Energy storage, Electrical contingencies, Electric grid, Frequency stability.  
Información del manuscrito:  
Fecha de recepción: 13 de octubre de 2025.  
Fecha de aceptación: 18 de diciembre de 2025.  
Fecha de publicación: 12 de enero de 2026.  
156  
Carrera-Villagomez et al. (2026)  
1
. Introduction  
Lithium-ion battery innovation has  
played a major role in the revolution  
in energy saving. Compared to their  
predecessors, these batteries, which  
went on sale in the 1990s, have a  
higher energy density, a longer  
lifespan, and a lower rate of self-  
discharge [4]. These characteristics  
have established them in a variety of  
ways, from portable electronic  
devices to electric vehicles and,  
more recently, large-scale energy  
storage systems [3]. Reduced  
production costs and increased  
efficiency have made lithium-ion  
batteries a viable alternative for a  
variety of applications [5]. The  
progress of BESS has not only been  
driven by the need to store energy for  
future use, but also by the growth of  
renewable energies, such as solar  
and wind, which are intermittent in  
nature, generating energy irregularly  
throughout the day and under  
various weather conditions [6]. BESS  
Energy storage has been essential to  
the development of electrical  
technology from its creation. The  
global electrification trend has made  
efficient management of energy  
production and consumption crucial  
[
1]. The technology known as a  
battery energy storage system  
BESS) makes it easier to store  
(
energy and release it when needed.  
This technology has emerged as a  
key component in the transition to a  
more sustainable energy matrix,  
encouraging the use of renewable  
energy sources and enhancing  
electrical grid reliability [2].  
From the early use of lead-acid  
batteries to the development of state-  
of-the-art lithium-ion technology,  
energy storage technologies have  
evolved dramatically throughout time  
[
3]. Despite its limitations in terms of  
energy density and cycle life, lead-  
acid batteries, which were developed  
in the 19th century and were among  
the first rechargeable battery models,  
are still utilized in many applications.  
provides  
a
response to this  
intermittency, facilitating the storage  
of surplus energy generated during  
periods of high generation and its  
release when generation is low or  
demand is high. Not only does this  
promote the use of renewable  
energies, but it also increases the  
stability of the electricity grid [7].  
New  
batteries  
with  
better  
performance characteristics have  
been found over time because of  
research and development [2].  
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Evaluation of the Introduction of BESS in the Operation of Ecuador National Interconnected System as a  
Strategy to Address the Energy Crisis.  
Furthermore, BESS plays a crucial  
role in the management of the  
electricity grid, which faces ever  
greater challenges due to the  
increase in electrification in areas  
such as transportation and industry  
enhancing their functionality and  
lowering wear and tear brought on by  
abrupt movements [3]. The necessity  
to quantitatively show the benefits of  
a BESS is the basis for analyzing  
system stability both with and without  
its involvement. Even though its use  
has grown in sophisticated systems  
[
3].  
In this scenario, one of the  
challenges facing current electrical  
systems is how to respond to  
contingency situations, such as  
unexpected loss of production or the  
disconnection of significant loads.  
These occurrences may result in  
significant frequency and voltage  
[
5], many emerging environments  
still face technological and financial  
difficulties. To support planning and  
investment decisions, it is essential  
to conduct comparative evaluations  
under actual contingency scenarios,  
such as the closure of a producing  
facility or the disruption of a  
significant industrial load [5], [11].  
instability, the  
dependability of the electrical supply  
5]. The operational security of the  
endangering  
[
The importance of BESS in  
grid is still at risk due to the inability  
to react quickly to these occurrences,  
despite efforts to fortify generation  
systems [8], [9].  
integrating  
renewable  
energy,  
boosting grid resilience, and meeting  
energy demand is becoming more  
important as the globe transitions to  
a more sustainable future. Therefore,  
scenarios with and without storage  
will be compared to evaluate the  
impact of BESS on the stability of  
electrical systems exposed to  
Implementing BESS systems is a  
practical way to improve the  
resilience of electrical systems in the  
face of this difficulty. They can act as  
dynamic assistance at crucial times  
operational  
contingencies  
[12].  
[
10]  
by responding quickly and  
Fundamental factors like frequency,  
voltage, and operational power will  
be taken into consideration when  
analyzing events like reduced gas  
production and the disconnection of  
supplying active power when  
needed. As a result, BESS not only  
lessens frequency oscillations but  
also eases the burden on generators,  
158  
Carrera-Villagomez et al. (2026)  
industrial loads [13]. The objective is  
to show how BESS can enhance the  
2. Materials and Methods  
2.1. How a BESS Works  
electrical  
system's  
and  
resilience,  
efficiency,  
dependability,  
A BESS facilitates the charging,  
storing, and discharging of electrical  
energy through a few processes and  
particularly during times of high  
operational demand.  
energy  
flows.  
This  
system  
contributes to backup power,  
renewable energy integration, and  
grid stabilization [14] [15].  
Figure 1. Below describes the elements of how a BESS works.  
electrical grid [17]. The BESS can be  
directly powered by the grid or by  
renewable energy. This system  
enables it to operate in a few  
To ensure safe operation, the Battery  
Management  
System  
(BMS)  
regularly checks the cells' state of  
charge (SOC) and state of health  
applications,  
incorporation,  
including  
energy  
(SOH). Alternating current (AC) can  
grid stabilization,  
be converted to direct current (DC)  
for battery charging and from DC to  
AC for grid draining thanks to  
bidirectional inverters [16], [15]. The  
BESS can participate in services like  
voltage control and frequency  
regulation by communicating with the  
energy backup, and lowering  
electrical expenses [10].  
2.2. Modeling a BESS in Power  
Factory  
DIgSILENT is a consulting software  
that created a program perfect for  
159  
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Evaluation of the Introduction of BESS in the Operation of Ecuador National Interconnected System as a  
Strategy to Address the Energy Crisis.  
industrial network analysis and  
power generation, transmission, and  
[10], which incorporates smart  
battery and inverter models, was  
constructed in this study using the  
model. Figure 2 shows the diagram.  
distribution.  
It  
integrates  
mathematical ideas with the ability to  
model systems. The BESS model  
Fig. 2. Model of a BESS in PowerFactory  
energy management system (EMS)  
make up this system. Every one of  
these components contributes to the  
efficient administration and oversight  
of the system [18], [10].  
2
.3. BESS Model  
The BESS arrangement utilized in  
this investigation is depicted in  
Figure 3. A battery, an energy  
conversion system, a BMS, and an  
Fig. 3. Diagram of a BESS model  
smart inverter's ability to convert  
direct power into alternating current  
that is compatible with the grid and  
The charging and discharging  
procedures are made easier by the  
160  
Carrera-Villagomez et al. (2026)  
the reverse [10]. According to this  
study, the BESS can improve  
temporal stability, control frequency,  
and system voltage [12], serving as  
an essential resource in the event of  
disruptions. When a breakdown or  
production loss occurs, the battery  
runs in discharge mode, supplying  
energy to the system. The  
oscilloscope outputs are filtered to  
gather the measurement signal,  
underpin this kind of analysis are  
included in this document, along with  
an explanation of each one's role in  
the framework of electrical system  
analysis both with and without BESS.  
2.4.1. Power flow  
Utilized to determine the voltages,  
active, and reactive powers that are  
present in each system busbar when  
it is at rest. It serves as the  
foundation for confirming post-fault  
and operating conditions. according  
to Equations 1 and 2.  
which enables  
a
more exact  
comparison with the reference value  
and guarantees precise control. The  
PID and PI controllers work together  
to fix the found defects by  
dynamically altering the BESS  
response to system conditions [19].  
푛
푃 = 푉 ∑ 푉 [퐺 cos(휃 ) + 퐵 si n(휃 )]  
푖
푖
푗ꢀ1  
푗
푖푗  
푖푗  
푖푗  
푖푗  
(
1)  
푛
푄 = 푉 ∑ 푉 [퐺 sin(휃 ) − 퐵 cos ꢁ휃 ꢂ]  
푖
푖
푗ꢀ1  
푗
푖푗  
푖푗  
푖푗  
푖푗  
(
2)  
2.4. Models for BESS stability  
2.4.2. Power balance  
analysis  
It makes it easier to confirm whether  
the system keeps generation,  
demand, and losses in balance [21]  
It  
is  
essential  
to  
employ  
that  
mathematical  
models  
appropriately depict the dynamic and  
stable behaviour of the electrical  
system while conducting electrical  
stability evaluations in the event of  
load or generation losses. In order to  
evaluate the performance of parts  
like generators, loads, and storage  
systems like BESS, these models  
allow the modelling of both normal  
and dependent conditions [20]. The  
basic formulas and equations that  
[
22]. It is essential for calculating  
power deficits or overloads following  
a contingency in Equation 3.  
∑
푃푔푒푛푒푟푎푐푖ó푛 − ∑ 푃푐푎푟푔푎 − ∑ 푃푝é푟푑푖푑푎 = 0  
(3)  
2.4.3. BESS frequency control  
The capacity of BESS to operate as  
a frequency regulator in the event of  
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Evaluation of the Introduction of BESS in the Operation of Ecuador National Interconnected System as a  
Strategy to Address the Energy Crisis.  
changes in the electrical system,  
such as load loss or generation, is  
one of its core features [23], [7].  
Equation 4 provides a mathematical  
example of this function.  
addition to basic proportional control  
[26], [27]. Equation 5 represents  
these controllers:  
푑푒ꢁꢇꢂ  
푢ꢁ푡ꢂ = 퐾 ꢅꢁ푡ꢂ + 푘 ꢅꢁ푡ꢂꢆ푡 + 푘푑  
∫
푖
(5)  
푝
푑ꢇ  
Therefore, u(t) represents the control  
signal transmitted to the inverter,  
while e(t) represents the error  
between an evaluated variable and  
its reference value [2]. The figures  
퐾 , 퐾 y 퐾 refer to the proportional,  
푃ꢃ퐸푆푆 = 푘 ꢁꢄ − ꢄꢂ  
(4)  
푓
푟푒푓  
In this line, P_BESSrepresents the  
power that the system needs to inject  
or absorb, f_refis the nominal  
frequency of the system (such as 60  
푝
푖
푑
integral, and derivative gains. This  
kind of control helps to balance  
deviations with more stability in an  
electrical system that employs BESS  
by altering the system's response to  
changes [4].  
Hz),  
f
is the true measured  
frequency, and K_fis a proportional  
constant that determines how  
intense the BESS reaction is to  
frequency deviations [24]. This  
equation is a component of a  
proportional control that makes it  
easier to respond quickly and  
2.5. Overview of the electrical  
system  
instantly  
to  
unforeseen  
It is crucial to employ mathematical  
models that appropriately depict the  
dynamic and stable behaviour of the  
electrical system while conducting  
electrical stability evaluations in the  
event of load or generation losses.  
To evaluate the performance of parts  
including generators, loads, and  
storage systems like BESS, these  
models allow the modelling of both  
normal and dependent conditions  
circumstances. Similarly, the BESS  
absorbs power if there are a load loss  
and the frequency rises [25]. By  
assisting the electrical system in  
swiftly regaining equilibrium, this  
gadget helps avoid more significant  
issues like disconnections or  
disconnections of sensitive devices.  
2.4.4. PID and PI control  
To achieve more precise regulation,  
the BESS system can employ more  
complex controllers as PID or PI in  
[
20]. The electrical system under  
examination is a major component of  
Ecuador's National Interconnected  
162  
Carrera-Villagomez et al. (2026)  
System (SNI), notably a topology  
with nine critical nodes that cover  
hydraulics, storage via a BESS  
system, and heat generation in  
addition to significant industrial loads  
technical data that was used to  
model this system [10]. To  
determine the system loads, monthly  
averages of energy consumption  
were used, adjusted to a typical  
power factor of 0.92. The industrial  
loads represented symbolize the  
coastal provinces of Ecuador:  
Guayas, Los Ríos, Milagro, and El  
Oro, where the active and reactive  
power values are detailed in Table 1  
of the report.  
[
7].  
The National Electricity Operator  
CENACE) and the Agency for the  
Regulation and Control of Energy  
and Non-Renewable Natural  
Resources (ARCERNNR) provided  
(
Table 1. Determination of the load on the electrical system  
Load  
CNEL)  
Energy – Jan 2024  
Energy - Feb 2024  
(MWh)  
Energy – Active Reactive  
(
(MWh)  
average  
MWh)  
303,382.07  
95,113.86  
50,203.04  
148,802.34  
power  
(MW)  
422  
power  
(MVAr)  
180  
(
Guayas  
Los Ríos  
Milagro  
El Oro  
306,064.61  
98,893.94  
50,893.99  
151,761.59  
300,999.54  
300,999.54  
49,512.10  
145,843.09  
127  
54  
70  
30  
207  
88  
without the BESS. The effect of the  
BESS on system stability in the event  
of interruptions and its ability to  
function as additional support is  
analysed.  
The system shown in Figure 4 was  
designed to examine contingency  
situations, whether due to generation  
or load disconnection, both with and  
Fig. 4. General system with 9 nodes  
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Evaluation of the Introduction of BESS in the Operation of Ecuador National Interconnected System as a  
Strategy to Address the Energy Crisis.  
limitations on frequency regulation  
and generation adaptability are  
2.6. Case studies  
highlighted  
by  
the  
system's  
To complete the analysis, we will  
begin by explaining the case studies  
detailed below:  
behaviour and the generators'  
response in the absence of BESS  
support.  
2.6.1. Case 1 (Gas blackout using  
2.6.3. Case 3 (Disconnection of  
BESS)  
industrial load with BESS)  
Analysis is done on an electrical  
system with nine nodes connected  
under a gas-fired power plant's  
disconnection plan. To evaluate the  
system's capacity to lessen the  
effects of decreased production, the  
BESS is integrated.  
The reaction of the BESS-backed  
system during the disconnection of  
an industrial load at point 6 is  
analyzed.  
•
Event 1: At 60 seconds, the load  
is disconnected at node 6,  
causing excess generation.  
Event 1: After 60 seconds, the switch  
that connects the gas plant to bus 7  
is unlocked. Event 2: The coal plant's  
speed is changed to 1.35 pu for 480  
seconds. how well the BESS  
maintains voltage and frequency  
stability in the face of major  
disruptions.  
• Event 2: Modification of the  
speed control of the coal  
generator to 1.15 pu for 480  
seconds.  
The BESS capacity to retain a steady  
frequency while absorbing surplus  
energy.  
2
.6.2. Case 2 (Blackout without  
2
.6.4. Case 4 (Industrial load  
BESS)  
disconnection without BESS)  
The same 9-node system is  
investigated in the same gas plant  
disconnection scenario sans BESS.  
After 60 seconds, the switch shuts  
off, reducing the amount of active  
energy produced by 40 MW. The  
To assess system performance, a  
comparable  
scenario is encountered without  
BESS. The industrial load  
load  
disconnection  
disconnects at node 6 after 60  
seconds, which results in an increase  
164  
Carrera-Villagomez et al. (2026)  
in frequency because of extra  
energy. the way generators respond  
case, a gas-fired power plant's  
disconnection has been planned,  
which is a big event that has an  
impact on the system's operation. To  
to  
sudden  
load  
drops  
and  
determining how well frequency  
control works.  
lessen  
the  
effects  
of  
this  
disconnection, a BESS must be  
implemented in this system. In this  
case, an electrical simulation is  
performed on a 9-node system with  
the aim of examining the effects of  
certain critical events and how a  
BESS can mitigate their effects.  
3
. Results and Discussion  
3.1. Gas blackout using BESS  
9
interconnected nodes make up the  
system examined in Figure 5. In this  
Fig. 5. Gas blackout using BESS  
the capacity to provide power  
instantly will be assessed.  
3
.1.1. Opening of the switch  
connecting gas generation to  
busbar 7 at 60 s  
3.1.2. Modification of the speed  
regulator of the coal-fired power  
plant at 480 s, increasing it to 1.35  
pu  
A gas-fired power plant will be cut off  
from the system in this scenario,  
which will drastically lower the  
amount of active electricity produced.  
The BESS's capacity to react to this  
loss will be the focus of the  
investigation. To avoid variations and  
keep voltage at appropriate levels,  
The coal-fired power plant, which is  
connected to the same bus as the  
BESS, will operate differently  
because of this second incident. The  
speed regulator's responsiveness  
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Evaluation of the Introduction of BESS in the Operation of Ecuador National Interconnected System as a  
Strategy to Address the Energy Crisis.  
and contribution to frequency  
management will both enhance  
because of the modification. This  
modification is essential for analyzing  
how the BESS and the coal-fired  
power plant can respond to the loss  
of the gas-fired power plant and  
maintain system stability.  
generator (G1) makes a significant  
effort by increasing its active power  
production by roughly 15 MW, but it  
is insufficient to compensate for the  
40 MW loss resulting from G2  
disconnection. However, the coal  
plant (G3) continues to produce at a  
steady level, which suggests that its  
capacity to act swiftly to cut back on  
the usage of more costly resources is  
limited. By providing the extra 25 MW  
needed to balance the system in this  
scenario, the BESS plays a critical  
role in keeping the coal generator  
3
.1.3. 60  
System  
response  
seconds after the disturbance  
The supply of active power is  
noticeably interrupted when the gas-  
fired power plant (G2) disconnects  
after 60 seconds, which results in a  
shortfall in the system's production  
(G3) from raising its production,  
which would be more costly and  
inefficient. In addition to satisfying  
the immediate requirement, the  
BESS's action also encourages  
frequency stability, demonstrating its  
capacity.  
The  
hydroelectric  
generator (G1), which is essential to  
preserving the stability of the system  
frequency,  
responds  
to  
this  
efficacy  
production is unexpectedly lost  
Figure 6).  
in  
situations  
where  
disruption by increasing its speed to  
make up for the decline in  
(
generation.  
The  
hydroelectric  
Fig. 6. System response 60 seconds after the disturbance  
166  
Carrera-Villagomez et al. (2026)  
frequency management while also  
lowering its load. At the same time,  
the BESS continues to provide  
energy and power, albeit at a  
reduced level, as shown by the  
U_cell and I_cell curves. This  
involves strategic management of  
the BESS load to ensure its  
3
.1.4. Modification of the speed  
controller of the coal generator at  
480 s  
The coal generator's (G3) speed  
controller is modified, increasing the  
speed reference to 1.35 pu.  
Consequently, during a duration of  
availability  
throughout  
the  
1200 seconds, the coal plant  
disturbance event and its recovery,  
ensuring constant system stability  
and preventing the excessive use of  
more expensive or less adaptable  
resources. This study emphasizes  
the significance of BESS in handling  
progressively expands its capacity  
from 125 MW to around 170 MW.  
This gradual increase in load is a  
strategy to control frequency and  
partially compensate for the active  
power shortfall without producing  
abrupt changes in the system. The  
electrical  
system  
eventualities,  
offering backup during crucial times  
as well as encouraging more  
economical and efficient functioning  
of other generating units (see Figure  
hydroelectric  
generator  
(G1)  
sustains a slight speed increase  
during this time, stabilizing at 1 pu.  
This improves its operation to avoid  
overexertion and enables it to adjust  
its production more precisely for  
7).  
Fig. 7. Modification of the coal generator speed controller to 480 s  
167  
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Evaluation of the Introduction of BESS in the Operation of Ecuador National Interconnected System as a  
Strategy to Address the Energy Crisis.  
disconnection has been planned,  
which is an important event that will  
have an impact on the system's  
operation.  
3
.2. Blackout without BESS  
9
interconnected nodes make up the  
system examined in Figure 8. In this  
case, a gas-fired power plant's  
Fig. 8. Blackout without BESS  
study. These generators' capacity to  
provide electricity instantly will be  
assessed, assisting in preventing  
To investigate the consequences of  
critical events and how generation  
systems can lessen their effects, an  
electrical simulation on a 9-node  
system is conducted in this study.  
frequency  
fluctuations  
and  
preserving voltage at appropriate  
levels.  
3.2.1. Opening of the switch  
3.2.2. System response 60 s after  
connecting gas generation to  
busbar 7 at 60 s  
the disturbance  
The system experiences a significant  
active power deficit when the gas-  
fired power plant (G2) disconnects  
after 60 seconds. A critical situation  
for the stability of the system  
frequency is created by this abrupt  
drop in generation. To offset the  
The disconnection of a gas-fired  
power plant from the system will  
result in a decrease in the amount of  
active electricity generated. How  
generation systems can react to this  
loss will constitute the focus of the  
168  
Carrera-Villagomez et al. (2026)  
shortfall, the coal-fired (G3) and  
hydroelectric (G1) generators speed  
up their output. The hydroelectric  
generator (G1) contributes an  
additional 20 MW, increasing its  
active power generation from 85 MW  
to 105 MW. Although this increase is  
a quick and substantial response, it  
is still insufficient to make up for the  
increasingly costly and inefficient  
resources. Without the assistance of  
a BESS, the system's response  
reveals some flaws, such as the  
requirement for generators with  
longer response times and the usage  
of  
more  
expensive  
and  
environmentally harmful energy  
sources, which raise operational  
expenses and carbon emissions.  
Additionally, the lack of a BESS limits  
the system's capacity to control  
frequency regulation and inertia,  
raising the possibility of instability in  
40 MW of electricity lost because of  
G2 disconnection. Concurrently, the  
coal generator (G3) contributes an  
additional 20 MW and raises its  
output from 127.5 MW to roughly  
147.5 MW. This rise in production  
situations unforeseen  
including  
necessitates the intense use of  
generation loss (see Figure 9).  
Fig. 9. System response 60 seconds after the disturbance  
been designed to disconnect; this is  
a major event that has an impact on  
the system's functionality.  
3
.3. Disconnection of industrial  
load with BESS  
9
interconnected nodes make up the  
system examined in Figure 10. In this  
case, an industrial load at node 6 has  
169  
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Evaluation of the Introduction of BESS in the Operation of Ecuador National Interconnected System as a  
Strategy to Address the Energy Crisis.  
Fig. 10. Disconnection of the industrial busbar with BESS  
To lessen the effects of this,  
disconnect, BESS must be  
3.3.2. Modification of the speed of  
a
the speed regulator of the coal-  
fired power plant at 480 s,  
increasing it to 1.15 pu:  
implemented in this 9-node. To  
investigate the consequences of  
occurrences and how can lessen  
them, an electrical simulation is run  
on a 9-node system in this case  
study.  
The coal-fired power plant, which is  
connected to the same bus as the  
BESS, will operate differently  
because of this second incident. The  
speed regulator's responsiveness  
and contribution to frequency  
management will both enhance  
3.3.1. Opening of the switch  
connecting the load at node 6 to 60  
s
because  
of  
the  
modification.  
This will result in the disconnection of  
a load at node 6, which will  
significantly reduce the active power  
load. How the BESS can react to this  
loss will be the focus of the  
investigation. To prevent over  
frequency and maintain voltage at  
appropriate levels, the BESS  
capacity to instantly capture power  
will be assessed.  
Analyzing how the coal-fired power  
plant and the BESS may respond to  
the loss of the gas-fired power plant  
and maintain system stability  
depends on this modification.  
3.3.3. System response 60 s after  
the disturbance  
The system experiences a power  
imbalance that could change the  
170  
Carrera-Villagomez et al. (2026)  
frequency if the gas production  
the equipment, this behavior is  
crucial. Despite the disruption, the  
hydroelectric (G1), gas (G2), and  
coal (G3) generators continue to  
produce power at steady levels,  
producing approximately 108 MW,  
63 MW, and 146 MW, respectively.  
The BESS intervention, which has  
assumed the function of load  
balancer and allowed the generators  
facility  
(G2)  
is  
disconnected.  
Nevertheless, the BESS successfully  
controls the imbalance brought on by  
excess generation, which makes it  
simpler to keep the system frequency  
within typical operational bounds and  
lessen abrupt swings. In this case,  
the BESS (SOC) is kept at about 0.8  
pu, showing that it is successfully  
absorbing  
the  
extra  
energy  
to  
continue  
working  
without  
generated and making up for the gas  
plant's production loss. To avoid  
frequency changes that could harm  
necessitating significant adjustments  
to their output, is responsible for this  
generation stability (see Figure 11).  
Fig. 11. Disconnection of the industrial busbar with BESS  
improve the coal  
generator's  
3
.3.4. Modification of the speed  
controller of the coal generator at  
80 s:  
reactivity so that it can more easily  
handle a larger load in a controlled  
way. In just 13 minutes, G3 output  
rises from 146 MW to almost 170  
4
An adjustment is made to the speed  
controller of the coal generator (G3),  
raising the speed reference to 1.15  
pu. The goal of this modification is to  
MW.  
To  
avoid  
negative  
consequences on system stability,  
this load increase is managed  
171  
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Evaluation of the Introduction of BESS in the Operation of Ecuador National Interconnected System as a  
Strategy to Address the Energy Crisis.  
carefully. To meet the growing  
demand, a balanced supply, both the  
gas generator (G2) and the  
hydroelectric generator (G1) start to  
reduce their energy production at the  
same time. To maximize system  
U_cell and I_cell curves. To maintain  
the continuity and stability of the  
electrical system without turning to  
the overuse of more costly or less  
flexible generators, this recharge  
process is carefully controlled to  
guarantee the BESS availability to  
respond to future disruptions (Figure  
12).  
efficiency,  
this  
coordinated  
adjustment is essential. On the other  
hand, the BESS begins to recharge,  
as indicated by the variations in the  
Fig. 12 Modification of the speed controller of the coal generator 480 s  
3.4. Industrial load disconnection  
without BESS  
9
interconnected nodes make up the  
system examined in Figure 13. An  
important event that has an impact  
on the system's functionality is the  
planned  
disconnection  
of  
an  
industrial load at node 6.  
172  
Carrera-Villagomez et al. (2026)  
Fig. 13 Industrial load disconnection without BESS  
systems can lessen them, an  
electrical simulation is run on a 9-  
node system in this case study.  
3.4.2.  
System  
response  
60  
seconds after disturbance  
The system's available active power  
increases significantly because of  
excess generation when a big  
3.4.1. Opening of the switch  
connecting gas generation to  
busbar 7 at 60 s  
industrial load at node  
6
is  
disconnected for 60 seconds. This  
causes an imbalance between the  
supply and demand for energy.  
Because overproduction might result  
in an increase in frequency if  
improperly handled, this unforeseen  
interruption poses a key scenario for  
system frequency stability. In  
reaction to this incident, the  
This will result in a significant  
decrease in active power generation  
since an industrial load at node 6 of  
the system will be disconnected.  
How generation systems can react to  
this loss will be the focus of the study.  
These generators' capacity to  
provide power instantly will be  
assessed, assisting in the prevention  
of frequency swings and the  
maintenance of acceptable voltage  
levels.  
hydroelectric  
generator  
(G1)  
dramatically reduces its active  
energy production from 127 MW to  
roughly 109 MW to respond to the fall  
in load. Nevertheless, after 300  
173  
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Evaluation of the Introduction of BESS in the Operation of Ecuador National Interconnected System as a  
Strategy to Address the Energy Crisis.  
seconds, this initial decline stabilizes  
at about 120 MW, suggesting a  
continuous adjustment to balance  
the system frequency. This behavior  
of G1 demonstrates the ability of the  
hydroelectric generator to quickly  
modify its output in response to  
variations in demand, although not  
ideally in terms of frequency stability.  
At the same time, the coal generator  
same 300-second period. This study  
demonstrates that frequency stability  
cannot be adequately maintained by  
the combined response of gas and  
hydropower  
generators  
to  
overproduction. Before the system  
reaches a new equilibrium, there is a  
fluctuation in frequency because the  
adaptation of energy production is  
not instantaneous nor proportionate  
to the disturbance. It is seen that the  
BESS can swiftly absorb extra active  
power, minimize abrupt frequency  
changes, when compare this  
reaction to the system's operation  
with a BESS. Without needing  
significant changes to generation,  
(G3) increases its output from around  
147 MW to a maximum of 167 MW,  
then stabilizes at 162 MW after 300  
seconds. This increase shows the  
resilience and reaction of the coal  
generator to the disturbance, in  
which greater system resilience  
facilitates more efficient absorption of  
excess generation. However, this  
response is neither instantaneous  
nor ideal, due to the time required to  
stabilize production. In contrast, the  
gas generator (G2) exhibits an  
immediate response to the increase  
in system frequency, raising its  
output from 62.5 MW to about 80  
MW. This rapid response is a  
characteristic of gas generators,  
which can quickly modify their output.  
However, G2 also decreases its  
output to about 67.5 MW to keep the  
system frequency stable during the  
the BESS provides  
a
nearly  
instantaneous response to changes  
in load. In addition to improving  
system stability, it also permits more  
economical and efficient operation,  
lowering generator wear and the  
consumption of more costly and  
environmentally harmful resources  
(Figure 14).  
174  
Carrera-Villagomez et al. (2026)  
Fig. 14 System response 60 s after disturbing  
4. Conclusions  
frequency dropped to 59.43 Hz due  
to the loss of a production plant,  
however in case 3, the frequency  
increased to 60.6 Hz because of the  
industrial load being disconnected.  
With noticeable oscillations and  
lengthy stabilization times, these  
values indicate a more vulnerable  
system reaction. However, the BESS  
The  
results  
of  
the  
study  
demonstrated that the installation of  
a BESS system directly improves the  
electrical system's reliability in  
emergency scenarios, such as  
production loss or an interruption in  
industrial load. The analysis of the  
electrical system's stability in  
emergency scenarios, both with and  
without a BESS system, has shown  
significant differences in the system's  
dynamic behaviour, especially in  
frequency response and transient  
stability. It was confirmed that the  
frequency displayed more notable  
variances when BESS was not used.  
For instance, in scenario 1, the  
settings  
(cases  
2
and 4)  
consistent  
demonstrated  
more  
performance. The frequency only  
decreased to 59.85 Hz in scenario 2,  
while it significantly increased to  
60.12 Hz in scenario 4, suggesting a  
notable improvement in frequency  
regulation when compared to prior  
disruptions. Additionally, it was  
confirmed that BESS may serve as a  
175  
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Evaluation of the Introduction of BESS in the Operation of Ecuador National Interconnected System as a  
Strategy to Address the Energy Crisis.  
flexible resource that can adapt to  
different system operating conditions  
without necessitating the reduction of  
other network components. Its  
integration not only promotes primary  
frequency management but also  
lessens the labor needed for  
generating plants, improving the  
system's overall efficiency. From one  
angle, it was demonstrated that the  
simulation, which was based on a  
nine-node system modelled in Power  
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